References

Abernathy, J. (1995b, September). Net censorship: Alternatives gain momentum. PC World, 13(9), 54-55.

Action for Children's Television v. Federal Communications Commission (III), 11 F. 3d 170 (D. C. Cir. 1993).

Allen, M., Emmers, T., Gebhardt, L., & Giery, M. A. (1995). Exposure to pornography and acceptance of rape myths. Journal of Communication, 45, 5-26.

American Booksellers Association v. Hudnut, 475 U. S. 101 (1986).

American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th edition). Washington, D. C.: Author.

Ball-Rokeach, S. J., & Reardon, K. (1988). Monologue, dialogue, and telelog. In R. P. Hawkins, J. M. Wiemann, & S. Pingree (Eds.), Advancing communication science: Merging mass and interpersonal processes (pp. 135-161). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Bantam Books v. Sullivan, 372 U. S. 58 (1962).

Baron, R. (1974). Sexual arousal and physical aggression: The inhibiting influence of "cheesecake" and nudes. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 3, 337-339.

Baym, N. K. (1995). The emergence of community in computer-mediated communication. In S. G. Jones (Ed.), Cybersociety: Computer-mediated communication and community (pp. 138 - 163). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Berlin, F. S., & Krout, E. (1986). "Pedophilia: Diagnostic concepts, treatment, and ethical considerations." American Journal of Forensic Psychiatry, 7, 13-30.

Brannigan, A., & Goldenberg, S. (1987). The study of aggressive pornography: The vicissitudes of relevance. Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 4, 262-283.

Branwyn, G. (1993). Compu-sex: Erotica for cybernauts. South Atlantic Quarterly, 92, 779-791.

Bryant, D. (1982). Sexual deviancy and social proscription. New York: Human Science Press.

Butler v. Michigan, 352 U. S. 380 (1957).

Calvert, S. S. (1994). Developmental differences in children's production and recall of information as a function of computer presenational features. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 10, 139-151

Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire, 315 U. S. 568 (1942).

Chapman, G. (1995, April 10). Flamers: Cranks, festishists and monomaniacs. New Republic, 212(15), 13-15.

Cohen v. California, 403 U. S. 15 (1971).

Communications Decency Act of 1995 (amendment to Telecommunications Competition and Deregulation Act of 1995), S. 652, 104th Congress, 1st Session, Senate (1995).

Communications Decency Act of 1996, 47 U.S.C. 223 (1996).

Corn-Revere, R. (1994). New technology and the first amendment: Breaking the cycle of repression. Hastings Communications and Entertainment Law Journal, 17, 247-345.

Corn-Revere, R. (1995a, March 13). The great satan: A free cyberspace. Broadcasting & Cable, 125(11), 48.

Corn-Revere, R. (1995b, June 28). New age Comstockery: Exon vs. the Internet. Policy Analysis, 232, 1- 27.

Czaja, S. J., Guerrier, J. H., Nair, S. N., & Landauer, T. K. (1993). Computer communication as an aid to independence for older adults. Behavior & Information Technology, 12, 197-207.

Dery, M. (1994). Flame wars. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

Di Lello, E. V. (1993). Functional equivalency and its application to freedom of speech on computer bulletin boards. Columbia Journal of Law and Social Problems, 26, 199-247.

Donnerstein, E., Linz, D., & Penrod, S. (1987). The question of pornography: Research findings and policy implications. New York: Free Press.

Duncan, D. F. (1990). Pornography as a source of sex information for university students. Psychological Reports, 66, 442.

Duncan, D. F., & Donelly, J. W. (1991). Pornography as a source of sex information for students at a private northeastern university. Psychological Reports, 68, 782.

Durkin, D. F., & Bryant, C. D. (1995). "Log on to sex": Some notes on the carnal computer and erotic cyberspace as emerging research frontier. Deviant Behavior, 16, 179-200.

Dworkin, A., & MacKinnon, C. A. (1988). Pornography and civil rights. Minneapolis, MN: Organizing Against Pornography.

Dyson, E. (1995, July 16). If you don't love it, leave it. New York Times Magazine, pp. 26-27.

El Nasser, H. (1995, June 19). Challenges to cyberporn bill could clog courts. USA Today, p. 1A.

Elmer-DeWitt, P. (1994, November 21). Censoring cyberspace: Carnegie Mellon's attempt to ban sex from its campus computer network sends a chill along the Info Highway. Time, 144(21), 102-104.

Elmer-DeWitt, P. (1995, July 3). On a screen near you: Cyberporn. Time, 146(21), 38-45.

Eron, L. D., Gentry, J. H., & Schlegel, P. (1994). Reason to hope: A psychosocial perspective on violence and youth. Washington, D. C.: American Psychological Association.

Federal Communications Commission v. Pacifica Foundation, 438 U. S. 726 (1978).

Fisher, W. A., & Grenier, G. (1993). Violent pornography, antiwoman thoughts, and antiwoman acts: In search of reliable effects. Journal of Sex Research, 31, 23-38.

Furniss, M. (1993). Sex with a hard (disk) on: Computer bulletin boards and pornography. Wide Angle, 15(2), 19-37.

Garramone, G. M., Harris, A. C., & Anderson, R. (1986). Uses of political computer bulletin boards. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 30, 325-339.

Gleick, J. (1995, June 11). This is sex? New York Times Magazine, p. 26.

Godwin, M. (1995). The shoddy article: Mike Godwin picks a fight with Time, a major perpetrator of the great Internet sex panic of 1995 [{http://hotwired.wired.com/special/pornscare/godwin.html}].

Goss, N. & Ricks, G. (1995, October 8). Pulling plug on cyberporn. Santa Barbara News-Press, p. G1-G2.

Grassley, C. (1995, June 26). Cyberporn. Congressional Record (Senate), pp. S9017-S9023 [On-line]. Available: {ftp wais.access.gpo.gov}

Healey, J. (1995, July 8). Clashing over obscenity in cyberspace. Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, 53, 1995.

Hiltz, S. R., & Turoff, M. (1978/1992). The network nation: Human communication via computer. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Hoffman, D. L., & Novak, T. P. (1995a, July 1). A detailed critique of the Time article: "On a screen near you: Cyberporn (DeWitt, 7/3/95)" (version 1.01) [{http://elab.vanderbilt.edu/research/topics/cyberporn/david.post.htm}].

Hoffman, D. L., & Novak, T. P. (1995b, July 2). A detailed analysis of the conceptual, logical, and methodological flaws in the article: "Marketing pornography on the information superhighway" (version 1.01) [{http://elab.vanderbilt.edu/research/topics/cyberporn/rimm.review.htm}].

How Time fed the Internet porn panic (excerpts from online posts about Time magazine's June 26, 1995 story on Internet pornography) (1995, September). Harper's Magazine, 291(1744), 11-15.

Information Providers' Coalition for Defense of the First Amendment v. FCC, 928 F. 2d 866 (9th Cir. 1991).

James, M. L., Wotring, C. E., & Forrest, E. J. (1995). An exploratory study of the perceived benefits of electronic bulletin board use and their impact on other communication activities. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 39, 30-50.

Junior and cyberspace smut (1995, March 30). Los Angeles Times, p. B6.

Krol, E. (1994). The whole internet: User's guide and catalog (2nd Ed.). Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly & Associates, Inc.

Lea, M., & Spears, R. (1991). Computer-mediated communication, de-individuation and group decision-making. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 34, 283-301.

Lepper, M. R., & Gurtner, J. (1989). Children and computers: Approaching the twenty-first century. American Psychologist, 44, 170-178.

Levy, S. (1995a, June 26). A bad day in cyberspace: The Senate takes a sledgehammer to our communications future. Newsweek, 125(26), 47.

Levy, S. (1995b, July 3). No place for kids? A parents' guide to sex on the net. Newsweek, 126(1), 46-50.

Lewis, P. H. (1995a, March 26). Despite a new plan for cooling it off, cybersex stays hot. The New York Times (National), pp. 1, 10.

Lewis, P. H. (1995b, July 3). Pornography study on computers seen as sensationalistic. The New York Times (National), pp. 21, 24.

Lewis, P. H. (1995c, July 16). Computer smut study prompts new concerns. The New York Times (National), p. 11.

Lewis, P. H. (1995d, July 24). Computer pornography hearing will not include expert witness. The New York Times (Local), p. A9.

Liebert, R. M., & Sprafkin, J. (1988). The early window (3rd Edition). New York: Pergamon.

Linz, D. (1989). Exposure to sexually explicit materials and attitudes toward rape: A comparison of study results. Journal of Sex Research, 26, 50-84.

Linz, D, & Malamuth, N. (1993). Communication concepts 5: Pornography. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Lohr, S. (1995, June 18). The net: It's hard to clean up. The New York Times (National), p. E6.

MacKinnon, C. A. (1993). Only words. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

MacKinnon, C. A. (1995). Vindication and resistance: A response to the Carnegie Mellon study of pornography in cyberspace. Georgetown Law Journal, 83, 1959-1967.

Malamuth, N. (1986). Predictors of naturalistic sexual aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 953-962.

Malamuth, N., & Donnerstein, E. (Eds.) (1984). Pornography and sexual aggression. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.

Meeks, B. N. (1995, June). The obscenity of decency: With Senator James Exon's "Communications Decency Act" (S. 314), the barbarians really are at the gate. Wired, 3.06, 86.

Metcalfe, B. (1995a, March 20). We need to have decency and privacy on the Iway --but no lawyers. Infoworld, 17(12), 51.

Metcalfe, B. (1995b, May 1). Decency without censors? I'm sure all the brains on the Iway can work this out. Infoworld,17(18), 47.

Meyer, C. (1995). Cybersexual possibilities. Georgetown Law Journal, 83, 1969-2008.

Miller, L. (1995, June 19). On-line sex, once found, can be raunchy. USA Today, p. 1A.

Miller, P. H. (1993). New technology, old problem: Determining the First Amendment status of electronic information services. Fordham Law Review, 61, 1147-1201.

Miller v. California, 413 U. S. 15 (1973).

Myers, D. (1987). "Anonymity is part of the magic": Individual manipulation of computer-mediated communication contexts. Qualitative Sociology, 10, 251-266.

New York v. Ferber, 458 U. S. 747 (1982).

Niemiec, R., & Walberg, H. (1993). New technology, old problem: Determining the First Amendment status of electronic information services. Fordham Law Review, 61, 1147-1201.

Niemiec, R., & Walberg, H. J. (1987). Comparative effects of computer assist ed instruction: A synthesis of reviews. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 3, 19-37.

Norr, H. (1995, March 20). Decency act could put your network in legal jeopardy. MacWEEK, 9(12), 26.

Ogan, C. (1993). Listserver communication during the gulf war: What kind of medium is the electronic bulletin board? Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 37, 177-196.

Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton, 413 U. S. 49 (1973).

Pope v. Illinois, 481 U. S. 497 (1987).

Popkin, J., & Simons, J. (1994, September 19). Natural born predators. U.S. News & World Report, p. 64.

Post, D. G. (1995). A preliminary discussion of methodological peculiarities in the Rimm study of pornography on the "information superhighway" [On-line]. Available:{http://elab.vanderbilt.edu/research/topics/cyberporn/time.dewitt.htm}

Public Notice, New Indecency Enforcement Standards to be applied to all Broadcast and Amateur Radio Licensees, 2 FCC Rcd 2726 (1987).

Rafaeli, S. (1986). The electronic bulletin board: A computer-driven mass medium. Computers and the Social Sciences, 2, 123-136.

Rafaeli, S. (1988). Interactivity: From new media to communication. In R. P. Hawkins, J. M. Wiemann, & S. Pingree (Eds.), Advancing communication science: Merging mass and interpersonal processes (pp. 110-134). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Reicher, S. D. (1984). Social influence in the crowd: Attitudinal and behavioural effects of de-individuation in conditions of high and low group salience. British Journal of Social Psychology, 23, 341-350.

Reid, B. (1995). An open letter from Brian Reid about the Rimm study [On-line]. Available: { http://www.research.compaq.com/nsl/people/reid/bio.html}

Reske, J. J. (1994, December). Computer porn a prosecutorial challenge. ABA Journal, 80, 40.

Rheingold, H. (1993). The virtual community: Homesteading on the electronic frontier. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Rich, F. (1995, July 1). Newt to the rescue (Senate lost in cyberspace). The New York Times (National), p. 15.

Rimm, M. (1995) Marketing pornography on the information superhighway. Georgetown Law Journal, 83, 1849-1934.

Rogers, A. (1995). Ballad of an e-mail terrorist [On-line]. Available: {http://www.gsn.org/GSH/teach/articles/email.ballad.html}

Roth v. U. S., 354 U. S. 476 (1957).

Russell, D. E. H. (1993). Making violence sexy: Feminist views on pornography. New York: Teachers College Press.

Sable Communications, Inc. v. Federal Communications Commission, 492 U. S. 115 (1989).

Sandberg, J. (1995, February 8). Electronic erotica: Too much traffic. Wall Street Journal, pp. B1, B9.

Scaife, M., & Bond, R. (1991). Developmental changes in children's use of computer input devices. Early Child Development & Care, 69, 19-38.

Sergent, R. S. (1994). Sex, candor, and computers: Obscenity and indecency on the electronic frontier. Journal of Law and Politics, 10, 703-738.

Smith, S. A. (1994). Communication and the Constitution in cyberspace. Communication Education, 43, 87-100.

Spears, R., & Lea, M. (1994). Panacea or panopticon? The hidden power in computer-mediated communication. Communication Research, 21, 427-459.

Spears, R., Lea, M., & Lee, S. (1990). De-individuation and group polarization in computer-mediated communication. British Journal of Social Psychology, 29, 121-134.

Sproull, L., & Kiesler, S. (1991). Connections: New ways of working in the networked organization. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Steinem, G. (1980). Erotica and pornography: A clear and present difference. In L. Lederer (Ed.) Take back the night: Women on pornography. New York: William Morrow.

Tamosaitis, N. (1995). net.sex. Emeryville, CA: Ziff-Davis Press.

Texas v. Johnson, 491 U. S. 397 (1989).

Thornburg, H. D. (1981). Adolescent sources of information on sex. Journal of School Health, 51, 274-277.

Tiefer, L. (1995). Sex is not a natural act and other essays. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

Trostle, L. C. (1993). Pornography as a source of sex information for university students: Some consistent findings. Psychological Reports, 72, 407-412.

Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. D., & Wetherell, M. S. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. Oxford: Blackwell.

U.S. Attorney General (1986). Attorney General's Commission on Pornography Final Report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

U. S. v. Thomas, Federal District Court of Tennessee (1994).

Walther, J. B., Anderson, J. F., & Park, D. W. (1994). Interpersonal effects in computer-mediated communication: A meta analysis of social and anti-social communication. Communication Research, 21, 460-487.

Wartella, E., & Reeves, B. (1985). Historical trends in research on children and the media: 1900-1960. Journal of Communication, 35, 118-133.

Webb, W. (July 22, 1995). Too much porn on the Internet - or in the press? Editor & Publisher, 128(29), 30-31.

Wildhack, B. (1995). Erotic Connections: Love and lust on the information highway. Corte Madera, CA: Waite Group Press.

Williams, S. W., & Ogletree, S. M. (1992). Preschool children's computer interest and competence: Effects of sex and gender role. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 7, 135-143.

Wilson, D. L. (1995, June 23). Senate approves measure making obscenity on the internet a crime. The Chronicle of Higher Education, p. A19.

Zillmann, D., & Bryant, J. (1982). Pornography, sexual callousness, and the trivialization of rape. Journal of Communication, 32, 10-21.

Zillmann, D., & Bryant, J. (1988). Effects of prolonged consumption of pornography on family values. Journal of Family Issues, 9, 518-544.

Zipperer, J. (1994, September 12). The naked city: "Cyberporn" invades the American home. Christianity Today, 38(10), 42-49.