Introduction to Music Information Resources

Arts Library, UCSB

Below are some suggested starting points for music research in the Arts Library at UCSB. For assistance in using these or other resources, please ask at the Music Service Desk on the second floor, or contact the music librarian, Eunice Schroeder, 893-3612. Unless otherwise indicated, all of the print resources cited below are located in the music reference section of the Arts Library. Electronic resources available only on the UCSB campus, or off-campus only via the campus proxy server for persons affiliated with UCSB, are indicated by the icon.

Guides to writing and research

The Chicago Manual of Style. 15th ed. 2003. Ref. Z253 .U69 2003

Citing Music Sources

This guide from the music library of the University of Western Ontario offers examples of citations to music scores, manuscripts, and recordings, in addition to the more standard formats (books, articles, etc.).

Elements of Style. By William Strunk Jr. 1918.

Classic guide to clear and concise writing. Principles of usage and composition. Note: This is Strunk's original edition, not E. B. White's well-known revision.

Irvine's Writing about Music. 3rd ed. Rev. Mark Radice. 1999. Ref. ML3797 .I79 1999

A style manual for college students preparing research papers. Addresses mechanics and literary style, as well as stylistic matters specific to writing about music (pitch names, note values, names of musical compositions, etc.).

MLA Style for Citing Internet Sources

From the Modern Languages Association. Outlines principles of citing Web resources and provides examples. Another good source of information on citing electronic resources is Citations Styles Online. Constrasts the major styles of citing Internet resources (MLA, APA, Chicago, and others) in some detail and provides citation examples for a variety of electronic formats (Web, email message, discussion posting, etc.).

Notes Style Sheet. By Darwin F. Scott et al.

Style guide used by the editors of Notes: Quarterly Journal of the Music Library Association.

A Short Guide to Writing about Music. By Jonathan Bellman. 2007. 2d ed. Ref. ML3797 .B4 2007

Introduces genres of writing on music (reviews, essays, program notes, research, abstracts, etc.) as well as types of research (biography, style study, analysis, archival study, source study, etc.) and critical perspectives in current music scholarship (cultural, feminist, gay and lesbian, marxist). Discusses research methods and writing techniques.

Sourcebook for Research in Music. By Phillip D. Crabtree and Donald H. Foster, revised by Allen Scott. 2d ed. 2005. Ref. ML113 .C68 2005

A guide to music research materials, mostly in English. Unannotated, but chapters and subsections open with brief overviews. The first chapter lists bibliographic terms in English (e.g., collate, colophon, Festschrift, etc.), German (e.g., Ausgabe, Beilage, Besprechung, etc.) and French (e.g., cahier, catalogue raisonné, fonds, etc.). The following seven chapters are organized by type of resource: general bibliographies, catalogs, discographies; "area" bibliographies (e.g., musicology, ethnomusicology, performance practice, theory); dictionaries and encyclopedias; histories; journals; editions of music; and miscellaneous resources (writing guides, music industry, etc.).

Writing about Music: A Style Sheet from the Editors of 19th-Century Music. By D. Kern Holoman. 1988. Ref. ML63 .W68 1988

Writing about Music: An Introductory Guide. By Richard J. Wingell. 3rd ed. 2002. Ref. ML3797 .W54 2002

Intended for the undergraduate writing a paper on music. Addresses some of the special problems of describing a musical work in writing. Also provides guidance on "the research process, organizing a paper, general writing style, and common writing errors" (p. viii).

To find books, scores, and recordings, as well as videos, periodicals, and other materials held by the UCSB Libraries, use Pegasus, UCSB's online library catalog. You can access Pegasus from the library's home page, and you can search from any computer connected to the Internet. A general guide to Pegasus searching is available, as well as a guide explaining how to search for music.

You can also search for books, scores, microfilms, and other library materials in Melvyl, the catalog for the combined UC campuses. Melvyl, which contains over 23 million records, is available via from the library's home page. Search by author (including composer or performer), title, journal title, subject, or general keywords. Choose Advanced Search to combine options. You can limit your search to books, scores, recordings, or other formats, and/or you can limit to any one UC campus, by language, or by year(s). UCSB faculty, students, and staff may request items from other UC campuses that are not held at UCSB (or held at UCSB but checked out); to do so, use the Request button on your search result page. Melvyl requests are generally received within just 3-5 days.

Two other electronic library catalogs that may prove helpful are the RLG Union Catalog and WorldCat; both contain millions of records for the combined holdings of libraries around the country, including the Library of Congress. To access, go to the library's home page and choose Research from the lefthand column. Then choose the Article Indexes & Databases link and scroll down the alphabetic list of databases.

Melvyl, the RLG Union Catalog, and WorldCat are union catalogs since each combines, within one database, records for the holdings of multiple libraries. The Arts Library also has several important multivolume print catalogs of individual libraries:

Boston Public Library. Dictionary Catalog of the Music Collection. 20 vols. 1972. Ref. ML136 .B68 B73.

Photoreproduction of the card catalog; author, title, and subject entries are in one alphabetical sequence. Includes entries for ca. eighty thousand items--printed and manuscript music as well as books on music.

Catalogue of Printed Music in the British Library to 1980. 62 vols. 1981-87. Ref. ML136 .L8 B73.

Catalog records for ca. one million volumes of printed music in one of the world's greatest music collections. Includes records for music published from the fifteenth century up to 1980. Authors and titles are in one sequence; there are no subject headings.

New York Public Library, Reference Department. Dictionary Catalog of the Music Collection. 33 vols. (1964), Ref. ML136 .N5 N5; 10 vols. (1973), Ref. ML136 .N5 N5 Suppl.

Photoreproduction of the card catalog; author, title, and subject entries are in one alphabetical sequence. Includes records for books, scores (manuscript and printed), and articles in festschrifts and periodicals. The ten-volume supplement covers 1964-71; for library acquisitions after 1971, see CATNYP, the NYPL online catalog, and the RLG Union Catalog . For sound recordings, see the catalog of the Rodgers and Hammerstein Archives cited below.

Once you find books appropriate to your topic by searching in library catalogs, check their footnotes and bibliographies for citations of additional relevant literature, including journal articles. Many dictionaries and encyclopedias also provide bibliographic references. To locate journal articles and other types of literature, search as well in the following electronic databases. All are accessible from the library's home page via the Indexes and Databases link:

Expanded Academic ASAP

1980 to present. Citations from popular and general-interest magazines as well as academic journals in the humanities, social sciences, and sciences. Includes abstracts for many titles. Full-text (in most cases, without figures and music examples) is available for several important music journals, including American Music (1993-), Billboard (1992-), Down Beat (1994-), Early Music (1993-98), Journal of Musicology (JM) (1994-), and Opera News (1993-).

RILM Abstracts of Music Literature

1969 to present, though the most recent citations do not include abstracts or subject indexing. RILM indexes music literature of all types: journal articles, reviews, books, dissertations, conference proceedings, etc.

International Index to Music Periodicals, Full Text (IIMP-FT)

Indexes approximately 370 music periodicals. Coverage is most complete from 1996 on, and only citations from 1996 on contain subject indexing and abstracts. Some journals are indexed through most of their complete run, including Black Perspective in Music, Current Musicology, Early Music, Ethnomusicology, Journal of the American Musicological Society, and Musical Quarterly. In addition, IIMP-FT contains the full texts of several dozen music periodicals back to 1996.

Music Index Online

Citations of articles, reviews, and obituaries from more than 640 music periodicals from around the world; coverage is 1979 to the present. No abstracts.

America: History and Life	Historical Abstracts
Arts & Humanities Citation Index	Iter: Gateway to the Renaissance
Bibliography of Asian Studies	Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe
Digital Dissertations	MLA International Bibliography
Hispanic American Periodicals Index	19th Century Masterfile
	RIPM: Retrospective Index to Music Periodicals

Top.

Dictionaries and encyclopedias, including biographical dictionaries, are often good places to begin your research. They can help you gain an overview of your topic, providing background information on major trends, events, styles, genres, works, individuals, and concepts. They may also include bibliographies that cite the most important literature on your topic--that is, up to the date of publication; for more recent literature you will have to search elsewhere. To find music dictionaries and encyclopedias in the library, look in the reference section under ML100 for general works and ML102 for works on specific topics. In the ML102 section, works are arranged on the shelf alphabetically by topic; a jazz encyclopedia, for example, is shelved under ML102 J, an encyclopedia of opera under ML102 O, etc.

Encyclopedia of Popular Music. 3rd ed. 8 vols. 1998. Ref. ML102 .P66 G84 1998

Generally brief entries for singers, instrumentalists, groups, composers, and albums; includes coverage of jazz, blues, soul, folk, country, pop, rock, musical theater, film music, rhythm 'n blues, metal, and more. Does not include entries for styles, genres, venues, concepts, etc. Entries include listings of albums (with release dates) and brief bibliographic references (books, videos, films). The last volume has a bibliography arranged by artist (books only, no articles) followed by a topical bibliography, a list of fanzines, a song title index, and a general index.

Garland Encyclopedia of World Music. 7 vols to date. 1998-. Ref. ML100 .G16 1998

The first comprehensive encyclopedia of the music of the world's nations, tribes, and ethnic groups. Ten volumes are projected, each devoted to a region (except the last, titled The World's Music: General Perspectives and Reference Tools). Each volume is arranged in three broad sections: the first provides an overview of the region, the second is organized around issues and concepts, and the third focuses on specific cultures, subregions, ethnic groups, etc. Each volume has a glossary and a thorough index, and includes substantial bibliographies of books, articles, recordings, and videos. Illustrations, maps, music examples. See the review of volume 1, Africa, by Ron Emoff in Notes 54, 4 (1998): 899-902 and the review of volume 2, South America, Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean, by Walter Clark in Notes 65, 3 (2000), 685-87.

Literature of Chamber Music. By Arthur Cohn. 4 vols. 1997. Ref. 1100 .C63 1997

Cohn provides his own commentary for a vast number of individual works of chamber music from the seventeenth century through the twentieth. He defines "chamber music" as music for two to nine players, one player to a part; excluded are works for piano and one other instrument and, with a few exceptions such as Schoenberg's String Quartet no. 2, works that include a vocal part. In addition to covering all the standard chamber works of Western art music, Cohn discusses a great many works by little-known composers. Most entries are about half a column long, but many are a column or more. The commentary is descriptive and analytic, focusing on the music itself rather than on biographical information on the composers.

New Grove Dictionary of American Music. 4 vols. 1986. Ref. ML101 .U6 N48 1986 ("Amerigrove")

The most comprehensive encyclopedia of music of the United States currently available. About one third of the entries are reworked from the New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 6th ed. (1980). Articles are signed and often include bibliographies; entries for well-known composers include worklists. The entry "Libraries and Collections," organized by state, gives substantial descriptions of major repositories and many smaller ones as well. Like the general New Grove, Amerigrove has no index.

New Grove Dictionary of Jazz. 2d ed. 3 vols. 2001. Ref. ML102 .J3 N48 2001

The most comprehensive and scholarly encyclopedia of jazz published to date. There are entries for broad topics such as beat, blues, form, harmony, improvisation, notation, and transcription, as well as for performers, record labels, styles, and instruments. The entry "Nightclubs and Other Venues" has an extensive directory arranged by country, then city, followed by an alphabetical index; the same applies to the entry "Festivals." "Libraries and Archives" is a survey by country. Articles are signed and include bibliographies and, for performers and ensembles, selective discographies. There is also a general bibliography.

New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. 2d ed. 29 vols. 2001. Ref. ML100 .N48 2001

The most comprehensive general music encyclopedia in English. Comprises over 29,000 articles, including over 20,000 biographies. Articles are signed and include chronological bibliographies. Entries on major composers include comprehensive worklists organized by genre and providing information such as date of composition or first performance, catalog number, and location in complete works editions. The appendixes in volume 28 (including "Collections, private," "Libraries," "Editions, historical," "Periodicals," and "Sound archives" provide extensive listings of collections and research materials; see also the extensive listings in the article "Sources, MS." There are lengthy entries for countries around the world, as well as for cities. In GroveMusic, the online version, you can search full text, article headings, bibliographies, biographies (by date of birth/death, nationality, etc.), and worklists. GroveMusic also includes the complete New Grove Dictionary of Opera and the second edition of the New Grove Dictionary of Jazz. See the reviews of the print and online versions in Notes 58, no. 2 (2001): 320-25, 406-8.

New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments. 3 vols. 1984. Ref. ML102 .I5 N48 1984

Covers the history, construction, and makers of early and modern, Western and non-Western instruments. Also includes information on performance practice--though mostly in the Western art tradition--as well as tuning and repertory. Most numerous are the entries for folk or traditional instruments (ca. 10,000). Articles are signed and include bibliographies.

New Grove Dictionary of Opera. 4 vols. 1992. Ref. ML102 .O6 N5 1992

Covers all aspects of opera: composers, librettists, singers, impresarios, companies, theaters, lighting, costume, etc. Includes brief bibliographies. Look up operas by title for historical information, music analysis, and extensive plot summaries. Volume 4 has an aria/ensemble index and a role index. The complete dictionary is available electronically in GroveMusic. See the review essay by David Littlejohn in Notes 51, 3 (1995): 844-54.

New Harvard Dictionary of Music. 1986. Ref. ML100 .N485 1986

The standard single-volume source for concise, nonbiographical music information in English. Emphasizes Western art music but also includes numerous entries on popular and non-Western music. Generally provides historical overviews in addition to basic descriptions and definitions. Articles are signed and include bibliographies. Many illustrations and music examples. Includes entries on specific musical compositions; search under title. Thoroughly cross-referenced.

New Oxford Companion to Music. 2 vols. 1983. Ref. ML100 .N5 1983

Includes entries (signed) for forms, styles, genres, broad concepts ("History of Music," "Composition," "Recording and Reproduction"), musicians of all types, organizations, works, instruments, and countries ("Germany and Austria," as well as "Indian Music," "Japanese Music"). Major articles include suggestions for further reading, mainly books in English. There are no worklists. Many music examples and illustrations.

In addition to the works listed here, many of the general dictionaries and encyclopedias listed in the preceding section are important sources of biographical information. Biographical dictionaries are classed in ML105 (general) and ML106 (national, arranged on the shelf by country). Biographies are classed in ML385 to ML429; biographies of individual composers are in ML410, arranged by composer. In Pegasus, you can find biographical information by doing a subject search in Basic or Browse mode:

Subject	smith bessie
Subject	foster stephen

Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians. 8th ed. 1992. Ref. ML105 .B3 1991

Approximately fifteen thousand entries ranging in length from a brief paragraph to a page or more. Includes composers and performers (Western classical, jazz, and popular) as well as scholars, publishers, instrument makers, educators, librarians, managers, etc. Complete or summarizing worklists are given for composers, and entries of all types include bibliographical references to both biographical and critical/analytical information.

Biographical Dictionary of Afro-American and African Musicians. By Eileen Southern. 1982. Ethnic and Gender Studies, Ref. ML105 .S67

Comprises entries for more than 1,500 musicians of African descent "from various and diverse fields of musical activity" (p. [ix]), including not only performers and composers but also patrons, promoters, critics, educators, etc. Covers the seventeenth century through the twentieth, 1945 being the cut-off for date of birth. Entries include concise information on education, career, significant achievements, etc., as well as bibliographic references to both published and unpublished information (early newspapers, correspondence, archival collections, interviews, etc.). Discographic references are included as well.

International Dictionary of Black Composers. 2 vols. 1999. Ref. ML390 .I58 1999

Provides information on composers from around the world who are of African descent. Of the 185 entries, 87 are for classical composers, the rest for composers of popular or vernacular musics. Each entry is several pages long and begins with a factual summary of the subject's life, career, and accomplishments. This is followed by a detailed worklist that includes publication and discographic information, date of premiere, names of movements, etc.; there are also extensive bibliographic references to literature of all types. Each entry concludes with a lengthy interpretive essay on the composer's style, written by a leading scholar. Many entries include a full-page portrait.

International Encyclopedia of Women Composers. By Aaron I. Cohen. 2d ed. 2 vols. 1987. Ref. ML105 C7 1987

Provides brief factual information on 6,196 women composers from around the world and from antiquity to the twentieth century. Includes worklists arranged by genre. Concludes with fourteen appendixes, including one that lists composers by country and by century. There is also a discography arranged by composer (pp. 1069-1142).

Contemporary American Composers: A Biographical Dictionary. By E. Ruth Anderson. 2d ed. 1982. Ref. ML390 .A54 1982

Approximately 4,500 entries for composers born no earlier than 1870 who either were or are American citizens or have lived for an extended time in the United States. Brief, factual career information is provided, based on questionnaires filled out by the subjects. Omitted are composers primarily of jazz, popular, rock, or folk music. Each entry has a selective worklist.

Harvard Biographical Dictionary of Music. 1996. Ref. ML105 .H38 1996

The biographical companion to the New Harvard Dictionary of Music. Emphasizes primarily composers and performers of Western concert music, with a few entries for jazz and popular musicians. Includes all historical periods, but coverage of contemporary composers is spotty. Summarizes composers' works or provides concise worklists. Occasional bibliographical references. Most entries are rather brief but major composers receive several pages.

Norton/Grove Dictionary of Women Composers. 1995. Ref. ML105 .N67 1995

Covers ca. nine hundred women composers in the Western classical tradition and generally not born after the mid-twentieth century. Entries, most half a page or less, are signed and include bibliographies and selective worklists. Many portraits.

A bibliography is an organized list of books or other texts (including music scores) having some unifying focus or theme: the writings of an individual, sources consulted for a research project, literature on a particular topic, works for woodwind quintet, etc. (The term also refers more broadly to a branch of history: the analysis and description of written, especially published, documents.) Bibliographies are useful tools because they help the researcher discover information resources pertinent to the topic under investigation. A bibliography, like any other research tool, should be used with an understanding of its purpose, scope, and organization.

To search in Pegasus for bibliographies, try a subject search that includes the search term bibliography:

Subject	women music bibliography
Subject	jazz bibliography

Many book-length bibliographies are shelved under ML128, where they are arranged alphabetically by topic; a bibliography dealing with women and music, for example, would be shelved under ML128 W, a bibliography of writings on jazz under ML128 J.

Bibliographical Handbook of American Music. By D. W. Krummel. 1987. Ref. ML120 .U5 K78 1987

In a combination of bibliographic essays and lists of citations, this indispensable, selective guide presents the bibliography of American music from multiple perspectives, including chronological, regional, ethnic, musical medium/genre (concert, vernacular, popular, sacred, etc.), and bibliographic form.

Bibliography of Black Music. By Dominique-René De Lerma. 4 vols. 1981-84. Ref. ML128 .B45 D44

International in scope, with coverage strongest before 1975. Cites literature of all types (books, dissertations, articles in periodicals and collections) and in numerous languages. Volume 1, "Reference Materials," includes a classified list of discographies and also covers libraries and collections, periodicals, directories, dissertations and theses, etc. Volume 2 "Afro-American Idioms," is organized by genre and includes minstrelsy (literature, songsters), spirituals, ragtime, concert music, band music, etc. The third volume is "Geographical Studies," and the fourth presents a variety of topics, including instruments, oral tradition, improvisation, orchestration, timbre, notation, dance, economics, theology and liturgy, and much more.

Book of World-Famous Music: Classical, Popular, and Folk. By James J. Fuld. 4th ed. 1995. Ref. ML113 .F8 1995

Traces the printed or manuscript origins of nearly one thousand well-known tunes. Arranged alphabetically by title; includes music incipits. Presents a wealth of well-researched bibliographic information on such tunes as Dixie, I've Been Working on the Railroad, How Dry I Am, London Bridge, The Star Spangled Banner, etc.

Collected Editions, Historical Series and Sets, and Monuments of Music: A Bibliography. By George R. Hill and Norris L. Stephens. 1997. Ref. ML113 .H55 1997

Lists over eight thousand music editions published as sets and series, including composers' collected works, monumental editions such as the German and Austrian Denkmäler, and series of performing editions such as Diletto musicale and Das Chorwerk. An electronic index/catalog providing comprehensive access to the contents of individual volumes is planned.

General Bibliography for Music Research. By Keith Mixter. 1996. Ref. ML113 .M59 1996

A guide to general reference materials for the researcher in music. The emphasis is strongly on Western music. Categories covered include bibliographies of bibliographies, national and trade bibliographies, dictionaries, encyclopedias, and union catalogs. Each chapter opens with a bibliographic essay. Includes name and title indexes. See the review by Barbara Henry in Notes 54, 2 (1997): 464-65.

Historical Sets, Collected Editions, and Monuments of Music: A Guide to Their Contents. By Anna Harriet Heyer. 3rd ed. 2 vols. 1980. Ref. ML113 .H52 1980

Provides detailed access to musical works published in ca. thirteen thousand "collections, anthologies, or monumental sets" that are "of significance to music research" (p. ix). Included are composers' collected editions. Volume 1 consists of one alphabetic sequence by composer, compiler, or title (with cross-references); each entry provides full bibliographical information and a detailed list of contents. Volume 2 is a thorough composer/editor/title index to volume 1; it is organized in one alphabetic sequence, with composer entries following a somewhat complex classified subarrangement. This is an indispensable tool for accessing a vast amount of music in the most important publications up to 1980.

Music Analyses: An Annotated Guide to the Literature. By Harold J. Diamond. 1991. Ref. ML128 .A7 D5 1991

A selective bibliography of 4,600 citations of English-language analytic literature on works of Western art music. Citations include periodical articles, books, dissertations, master's theses, and articles in collections. Annotations are provided, indicating intellectual level and briefly describing the nature of the analysis, including whether there are music examples. The main listing by composer is followed by a bibliography of source material and an index of distinctive titles. Includes composers from Leonin (one entry) through the twentieth century. For additional access to analytic material, see the Analysis Index provided by the music library of the University of Tennessee at Knoxville.

Music in Print (series). Ref. Call number varies

An attempt at a comprehensive listing of available published music based on information provided by publishers. A Master Composer Index (2 vols., 1999 [Ref. ML113 .M8825 1999]) and Master Title Index (1995 [Ref. ML113 .M8827 1995]) provide access to the individual volumes for choral, guitar, orchestral, organ, string, classical vocal, and woodwind music. Entries for composers and titles are not standardized.

Music Reference Collection (series). Ref. ML113 .M887

A series of bibliographies (also indexes, catalogs, etc.) on a wide variety of topics. Examples of some especially useful volumes are Gary Lynn Ferguson, Song Finder: A Title Index to 32,000 Popular Songs in Collections, 1854-1992 (vol. 46); Irene Heskes, Resource Book of Jewish Music (vol. 3); Michael A. Hovland, Musical Settings of American Poetry: A Bibliography (vol. 8); and Ruthann Boles McTyre, Library Resources for Singers, Coaches, and Accompanists: An Annotated Bibliography, 1970-1997 (vol. 71).

Music Reference and Research Materials: An Annotated Bibliography. By Vincent H. Duckles and Ida Reed. 5th ed. 1997. Ref. ML113 .D83 1997

A classified, well-annotated bibliography with over 3,800 entries for music reference materials of all types: dictionaries and encyclopedias, histories and chronologies, bibliographies of music and music literature, library catalogs, discographies, etc. The annotations succinctly describe the scope, organization, and noteworthy features of each work and provide citations of reviews. Authors, titles, and subjects are thoroughly indexed in one alphabetic sequence; the subject indexing is especially useful for locating bibliographies and other reference materials on topics of interest.

Reader's Guide to Music: History, Theory, and Criticism. Edited by Murray Steib. 1999. Ref. ML100 .R43 1999

A critical bibliographic guide comprising ca. 500 essays contributed by over 200 scholars. The essays survey monographic literature in English on various music topics: composers, styles, genres, geographic areas, performance practice, etc. "Western art music [is] the basis for the book," but "the more important non-Western and popular music topics" have been included as well (p. vii). Some important composers and topics (i.e. Telemann) have been omitted because they lack sufficient monographic coverage in English. The main sequence of entries is alphabetical, but some topics are grouped under larger headings; to aid the reader, there are alphabetical and thematic lists of topics, and there is also an author index for books covered and a general index.

Speaking of Music: Music Conferences, 1835-1966. Edited by James R. Cowdery, Zdravko Blazekovic, and Barry S. Brook. 2004. Ref. ML128 .M8 S68 2004.

An index to 511 conference proceedings in music. The first section comprises entries for each conference by year; each entry includes a full listing of all papers. The main section follows, consisting of a classified arrangement of citations of the individual papers, with abstracts. Finally, there are indexes of conference locations, conference sponsors, and authors/subjects.

Book-length discographies are shelved under ML156. For individual composers see ML156.5 (alphabetically by composer) and for individual performers, ML156.7 (alphabetically by performer). Discographies on various topics are under ML156.4, alphabetically by topic; for a discography of jazz recordings, for example, see ML156.4 J. In Pegasus, try a subject search using the search term discography:

Subject	jazz discography
Subject	women discography

Discographies, like bibliographies, are also to be found in other types of reference works such as encyclopedias, catalogs of composers' works, and so on, as well as in periodical and monographic literature (appendixes or chapters of books) and in dissertations and master's theses.

Bibliography of Discographies. 3 vols. 1977-82. Ref. ML156.2 .B49

The three volumes are Classical Music, 1925-1975, Jazz (includes jazz, blues, ragtime, gospel, and rhythm 'n blues), and Popular Music (includes pop, rock, country, hillbilly and blugrass, and film and stage-show music. According to Duckles, "The most complete and scholarly bibliographies in the field of discography" (Duckles, p. 538). Each volume is arranged by subject and has an index to provide access by names of authors, compilers, and editors. Includes book-length discographies and discographies published as periodical literature.

Classical Music Discographies, 1976-1988: A Bibliography. By Michael Gray. 1989. Ref. ML128 .D56 G7 1989

Intended as a supplement to Bibliography of Discographies, volume 1 (see the preceding entry), this work includes some titles overlooked in the earlier volume and adds discographies of record labels as well as discographies in dissertations and in program notes that accompany recordings. Arranged by subject, with an index providing access by name of compiler.

Dictionary Catalog of the Rodgers and Hammerstein Archives of Recorded Sound. 15 vols. 1981. Ref. ML156.2 .R63

Provides access to seventy-five thousand disc and tape recordings held by the Rodgers and Hammerstein Archives (part of the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts at Lincoln Center) and cataloged up to 1980, when the card catalog was closed and cataloging for the collection began to be included in the RLG Union Catalog. Discs represented in the catalog are mostly LPs, both commercial and noncommercial; also represented is a "generous selection of live-performance documentation of performances from the 1930s to the present" (p. v).

Ethnic Music on Records: A Discography of Ethnic Recordings Produced in the United States, 1893 to 1942. By Richard K. Spottswood. 7 vols. 1990. Ref. ML156.4 .F5 S69 1990

This is the standard tool for research in the vast but little-known area of ethnic recordings produced in the United States. Because the cut-off date is 1942, Spottswood includes primarily 78-rpm records. The first five volumes are arranged by region as follows: Western European (volume 1); Slavic (2); Eastern European (3); Spanish, Portuguese, Philippine, and Basque (4); Mid-East, Far East, Scandinavian, (5); volume 5 also includes English-language (Irish, West Indies), American Indian, and "international" records. Each volume is arranged by language, then by artist, then chronologically. The final two volumes comprise artist, title, record number, and matrix number indexes.

Gramophone Classical Good CD Guide. ML156.9 .G72

Published annually. A compendium of reviews from Gramophone magazine. Organized similarly to Gramophone and the R.E.D. Classical Catalogue: the main section is arranged by composer, under which citations are grouped in the following sequence: orchestral, chamber, instrumental, choral, and opera. Discs containing works by more than three composers are in the "Collections" section, which is subdivided by genre (orchestra, chamber, etc.) and includes subsections for historic vocal music and early music. Period-instrument recordings are indicated by a special symbol. There is an artist index, a review index, and a list of record companies, with addresses and phone numbers.

Jazz Records, 1897-1942. By Brian Rust. 5th ed. 2 vols. 1982. Ref. ML156.4 .J3 R92 1982

Documents records of "jazz, [and] of dance music with close affiliation to jazz, as well as vocal records with jazz groups used as accompaniment"; also includes "important and interesting" records of ragtime (p. ii). Only American and British artists are included. Arrangement is by artist or group, then matrix number. There are indexes of artists and titles. LPs are included only if their music was never available on 78-rpm.

R.E.D. Classical Catalogue. ML156.2 .G73 (latest issue in Ref.)

Published biannually. Lists details of all classical recordings available in the U.K. Covers all formats (compact disc, LP, cassette, video, laser disc, etc.). Information provided includes performers (including opera roles), all works on each recording, and the issue of Gramophone magazine in which a review appeared. The main listing is alphabetical by composer, then genre. Indexes provided are: music for Christmas, artist, opera, concert (all recordings containing three or more works, arranged by record label), video and laserdisc, and digital compact cassette and minidisc.

Schwann Opus. ML156.2 .O68 (latest issue in Ref.)

A quarterly publication listing currently available classical-music compact discs and cassettes. The main section is arranged alphabetically by composer, then title, then performer. There is a separate section listing new releases, and a section listing collections by genre (baroque music, Christmas music, chant collections, early music, etc.). There is also a list of record labels that gives addresses and phone numbers.

Schwann Spectrum. ML156.2 .S72 (latest issue in Ref.)

Published quarterly. Lists nonclassical recordings (compact discs, cassettes, and LPs) available in the United States. There are seven sections, arranged by artist or group except as indicated: popular, jazz, soundtracks (arranged by title), international (by country or region), new age, gospel/religious, and miscellaneous. The last section is arranged by categories, including the following: belly dancing, children's, comedy, nostalgia, karaoke, marches, polka, sound effects, and wedding music. The first section includes rock, blues, country, folk, rap, dance, instrumental, and vocal pop.

Sibley Music Library: Catalog of Sound Recordings. 14 vols. 1977. Ref. ML156.2 .E157

A catalog of twenty-five thousand LPs and tapes, mostly of Western art music, from the library collection that serves the Eastman School of Music. Added entries are provided for individual works, except for medieval and Renaissance recordings; there are also added entries for performers and series. Access by subject is limited to the headings Medieval Music and Renaissance Music.

World's Encyclopedia of Recorded Music. By Francis F. Clough and G. J. Cuming. 1952. Ref. ML156 .C5

Provides international coverage of classical recordings issued from the advent of electrical recording in the mid-1920s through the early 1950s; three supplements carry the cutoff date up through 1955. The compilers did not attempt to be comprehensive; categories of records excluded, including those of music by "living composers" of "light music" (p. v), are mentioned in the introduction. Arranged by composer; there is also a classified "Anthologies" section, where many recordings of pre-baroque music are listed. Includes indexes of composers, arrangers, and opera titles.

Use the three theme dictionaries listed in this section when you have a melody in mind but cannot remember which work it comes from. The Barlow and Morgenstern volumes also provide title access: they allow you to look up a work by its composer and/or title in order to find its main melodies.

Dictionary of Musical Themes. By Harold Barlow and Sam Morgenstern. Rev. ed. 1975. Ref. ML128 .I65 B3 1975

Ca. ten thousand themes from Western instrumental concert repertory--solo, chamber, and orchestral--are printed in alphabetical order by composer and indexed alphabetically by each melody's sequence of pitch names as transposed to C major. Includes themes from all movements of multimovement works, and secondary as well as primary themes (but without indicating measure numbers). The volume concludes with an index of popular titles.

Dictionary of Opera and Song Themes, including Cantatas, Oratorios, Lieder, and Art Songs. By Harold Barlow and Sam Morgenstern. Rev. ed. 1966. Ref. ML128 .V7 B3 1966

Organized similarly to the preceding title, but covers vocal rather than instrumental repertory. Includes the works of composers from Adam de la Halle (thirteenth century) to the mid-twentieth century, including a few popular tunes. Original texts are given with each theme. Provides themes for all movements of multimovement works. Concludes with an index to song titles and first lines.

Directory of Tunes and Musical Themes. By Denys Parsons. 1975. Ref. ML128 .I65 P33

Indexes ca. fifteen thousand themes in three separate directories: classical (both vocal and instrumental), popular, and national anthems. Unlike the Barlow and Morgenstern indexes, which transpose all themes to C major, the Parsons directory arranges all themes in alphabetical order based on the letters U (up), D (down), and R (repeat) for the first sixteen notes of the each theme (for popular tunes, the first fourteen).

Themefinder

Note that only a few composers are included so far. (Click on Composers to see which ones.) The "Gross contour" search option works well; for example, which well-known works are retrieved by the search //// \ //?

For directories in addition to those listed below, including membership listings for organizations such as the American Musicological Society (Ref. ML27 .U5 A83343), the Association for Recorded Sound Collections (Ref. ML27 .U5 A82), the Society for Ethnomusicology (Ref. ML26 .S62), the Society for American Music (Ref. ML27 .U5 S66), and the Music Library Association (Ref. ML27 .U5 M816), see ML12-28, especially ML13, ML26, and ML27. You can also use the search term directories in a subject search in Pegasus for the directory of a specific organization:

Subject	american musicological society directories
Subject	society ethnomusicology directories

British Music Yearbook. ML21 .M89483 (latest volume in Ref.)

A "directory of the classical music industry" (cover) in the United Kingdom. Summarizes the year in music and provides listings for orchestras, opera and dance companies, choruses, other performing ensembles, promoters, associations, festivals, record companies and recording studios, publishers, scholarships, and much more. There is an international section listing national music information centers, publishers, festivals, competitions, orchestras, etc.

Chamber Music America: Directory. ML19 .C5 (latest volume in Ref.)

Annual membership directory of Chamber Music America, a nonprofit organization that promotes chamber music in the United States. The annual directory lists hundreds of professional American chamber ensembles and concert presenters, as well as thousands of individual members of CMA (professional, student, and amateur).

Directory of Music Faculties in Colleges and Universities, U. S. and Canada. ML13 .D57 (latest edition in Ref.)

Published by the College Music Society. Lists ca. 1,800 institutions by state (for Canada, there is one alphabetic sequence). Each entry lists music faculty members, with academic rank, highest degree earned, and teaching areas. There are faculty indexes by name and by teaching area, an index of graduate degrees listing institutions offering each degree, and an index of institutions.

Early Music Yearbook. ML12 .E27 (latest volume in Ref.)

Published in Great Britain. Includes listings of societies, periodicals, publishers, record companies, competitions, promoters, educational institutions, dealers, etc., as well as a classified "Instrument Buyer's Guide" listing makers by instrument and restorers. There is also a "Register of Early Music" that includes a geographical index (mostly U.K.).

The Golden Pages: University Music Departments' and Faculties' Home Pages

A directory that provides links to the Web sites of music departments, schools, and conservatories around the world. Maintained by the Department of Music at Royal Holloway, University of London.

International Who's Who in Music and Musicians' Directory. Vol. 1, Classical and Light Classical Fields. Ed. David M. Cummings. 17th ed. 2000. Ref. ML106 .G7 W4 2000/01

Gives brief factual information on ca. eight thousand living musicians (composers, performers, musicologists, critics, publishers, librarians, etc.). Following the main alphabetical listing are appendixes providing international listings and contact information (but no email addresses or URLs) for orchestras, opera companies, festivals, music organizations, major competitions and awards, music libraries, and conservatories.

International Who's Who in Music and Musicians' Directory. Vol. 2, Popular Music. Ed. Sean Tyler. 2d ed. 1998. Ref. ML106 .G7 I57 1998/99

Gives brief factual information on ca. five thousand living musicians; genres included are "pop, rock, folk, jazz, blues, dance, world and country music, as well as some film and show music" (foreword). Following the main alphabetical listing are appendixes providing international listings and contact information (but no email addresses or URLs) for record companies, management companies, agents and promoters, publishers, festivals and events, and organizations.

Musical America: International Directory of the Performing Arts. Ref. ML13 .A1 M5

Published annually. Feature articles on the year's events in classical music and jazz, plus directory listings. The two main sections of listings are "United States and Canada" and "International." Included are managers, artists, orchestras, opera companies, choral groups, dance companies, performing arts series, festivals, music schools and departments, summer music camps, foundations, awards, record companies, nonprofit organizations, music publishers, music magazines, and more.

Music Directory Canada. Ref. ML21 .C3 M9 1997

Covers all aspects of the music industry in Canada, for music of all types (classical, rock, jazz, country, etc.). Includes a twenty-page appendix that gives email and Web addresses for companies and organizations.

Musik-Almanach 1999/2000: Daten und Fakten zum Musikleben in Deutschland. Ref. ML21 .M82

Essays, statistical information, and directory listings for musical life in Germany: educational institutions at all levels, associations and societies, libraries and archives, festivals, competitions, research institutions, performing organizations (orchestras, early music ensembles, contemporary music ensembles, etc.), publishers, periodicals, instrument makers, and much more. Indexed by general terms, places, and names.

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